Negara Neoliberal, Pembangunan Pariwisata dan Persoalan Kemiskinan di Manggarai Barat, Flores, NTT, Indonesia Timur

Emilianus Yakob Sese Tolo, Maximus Manu, Philipus Ola Daen

Abstract


Neoliberal state policies in many developing countries have led to poverty, environmental problems, and economic inequalities. This article aims to explain the process and mechanism of tourism development in the neoliberal Indonesian state and its impacts on the people of West Manggarai. This research used a qualitative methodology through observation, in-depth interviews and focused group discussions (FGDs). This study argues that tourism development in West Manggarai has been shaped by the intervention of the Indonesian neoliberal state, which tends to side with capital that promotes economic growth. Tourism development in West Manggarai has thus resulted in corruption for the sake of capital accumulation and economic growth. This neoliberal development model has caused poverty, environmental problems, and increased economic inequalities in West Manggarai. However, these negative impacts of tourism development have not yet triggered systematic and progressive civil society movements in West Manggarai. This paper recommends that tourism development in West Manggarai should be carried out in a decentralized manner by emphasizing on the constructive collaboration between different parties, such as local communities, local government, and the central government. The collaboration should be based on the understanding that there is an inseparable relationship between the tourism sector and other sectors, such as agriculture, fisheries, cooperatives, and education.

Keywords


tourism development, neoliberal state, poverty and civis society movements

Full Text:

PDF

References


Bernstein, H. Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change. Canada: Fernwood Publishing, 2010.

Budiman, A. Teori Negara: Negara Kekuasaan, dan Ideologi. Jakarta: PT Gramedia, 1996.

Dale, C.J.P. Kuasa, Pembangunan, dan Pemiskinan Sistemik. Kupang: Sunspirit Books, 2013.

De Vos, R., Köhne, M., & Roth, D. “We'll turn your water into Coca‐Cola”: The atomizing practices of oil palm plantation development in Indonesia. Journal of Agrarian Change, 18(2), 2018.

Erb, M. “Tourism As Glitter Re-Examining Domestic Tourismin Indonesia,” dalam Winter, Tim dan Teo, Peggy, Chang, T.C. (Eds.), Asia On Tour: Exploring The Rise Of Asian Tourism, New York: Routledge, 2009.

______. “Shaping A ‘New Manggarai’: Struggles Over Culture And Tradition In An Eastern Indonesian Regency.” Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 46 (3), 2005.

______. “Limiting Tourism And The Limits Of Tourism: The Production And Consumption Of Tourist Attractions in Western Flores.” Indigenous Tourism: The Commodification And Management Of Culture, 2005.

_______. “Understanding Tourists: Interpretations From Indonesia”. Annals Of Tourism Research, 27(3), 2000.

Fortin, C.J. “The Biofuel Boom and Indonesia’s Oil Palm Industry: The Twin Processes of Peasant Dispossession and Adverse Incorporation in West Kalimantan.” Makalah ini dipresentasikan pada the International Conference on Global Land Grabbing, University of Sussex, UK 6-8 April, 2011.

Gramsci, A. Selection from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publisher, 1971.

Habibi, M. “Capitalist Agrarian Change in Indonesia: Class, Production and Reproduction.” Disertasi PhD, Development Studies, SOAS University of London, 2020.

Hall, D. “Primitive accumulation, accumulation by dispossession and the global land grab”. Third World Quarterly, 34(9), 2013.

Hanieh, A. “Thinking About Capital and Class In The Gulf Arab States,” in Allessandra Mezzadri, ed. Marx In The Field. New York: Anthem Press, 2021.

Harvey, D. The New Imperialism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Harvey, D. A brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

McCarthy, J. F., Vel, J. A., & Afiff, S. “Trajectories of land acquisition and enclosure: development schemes, virtual land grabs, and green acquisitions in Indonesia's Outer Islands”. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 2012.

McCarthy, J. F., & Cramb, R. A. “Policy narratives, landholder engagement, and oil palm expansion on the Malaysian and Indonesian frontiers”. Geographical Journal, 175(2), 2009.

Mufarida, Binti. “Wisata Labuan Bajo Berpotensi Menurunkan Kemiskinan.” SindoNews, 26 Desember 2019. https://nasional.sindonews.com/berita/1480057/15/wisata-labuan-bajo-berpotensi-turunkan-kemiskinan. Diakses 5 Mei 2021.

Kleden, I. Sikap Ilmiah dan Kritik Kebudayaan. Jakarta: LP3S, 1987.

Klinken, Gerry Van. The Making Of Middle Indonesia: Kelas Menengah Di Kota Kupang, 1930an-1980an. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia Dan Kitlv-Jakarta, 2015.

Picard, M. “Cultural Tourism, Nation-Building And Regional Culture: The Making Of A Balinese Identity,” in M. Picard & R. E. Wood, eds. Tourism, Ethnicity And The State In Asian And Pacific Societies. Honolulu: University Of Hawaii Press, 1997.

Peluso, N. L., and Lund, C. “New frontiers of land control: Introduction.” Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(4), 2011.

Pincus, J. “Approaches to the political economy of agrarian change in Java.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 20 (1), 1990.

Ramayudhianty, P. “Wisata Labuan Bajo Berpotensi Turunkan Angka Kemiskinan.” https://kemensos.go.id/wisata-labuan-bajo-berpotensi-turunkan-angka-kemiskinan. Diakses 6 Desember 2021.

Tapsell, R. Kuasa Media di Indonesia, Kaum Oligarki, Warga dan Revolusi Digital. Jakarta: Marjin Kiri, 2018.

Thoha, M. “Tinjauan Dan Implementasi Birokrasi Di Indonesia”. Jurnal Wacana Kinerja: Kajian Praktis-Akademis Kinerja dan Administrasi Pelayanan Publik, 10(3), 2020.

Tolo, E.Y.S. “Akumulasi Melalui Perampasan Dan Kemiskinan Di Flores. MASYARAKAT: Jurnal Sosiologi, 2016.

_______. “Weighing Jokowi’s Infrastructure Projects in Eastern Indonesia.” https://www.newmandala.org/weighing-jokowis-infrastructure-projects-ineastern-indonesia/). Diakses 11 Oktober 2019

_______. “Proyek Infrastruktur di Flores: Hanya Memakmurkan yang Kaya?”. https://tirto.id/proyek-infrastruktur-di-flores-hanya-memakmurkan-yangkaya-dhsG). Diakses 11 Oktober 2019.

Winter, Jeffrey A. “Oligarchy and Democracy in Indonesia”. Indonesia 96, 2013.

Zhang, Q. F. “Class differentiation in rural China: Dynamics of accumulation, commodification and state intervention”. Journal of Agrarian Change, 15(3), 2015.

Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

FGD di Labuan Bajo pada 25 Juni 2021.

Wawancara

Ardi Obot, rohaniwan Katolik, Labuan Bajo, 24 Juni 2021.

Marsel Jeramun, wakil ketua DPRD Manggarai Barat, Labuan Bajo, 22 Juni 2021.

Mateus Ngabut, kepala dinas Pemberdayaan Desa Manggarai Barat, Labuan Bajo, 23 Juni 2021.

Sil Joni, pemerhati masalah sosial, Labuan Bajo, 24 Juni 2021.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31385/jl.v22i1.888.102-129

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Flag Counter Creative Commons License
Copyright© 2015 JURNAL LEDALERO This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Institut Filsafat dan Teknologi Kreatif Ledalero Jalan Trans Maumere-Ende - Sikka - Flores - Nusa Tenggara Timur - Indonesia Telp/Fax: 0382 2426535